Heart disease is a broad term that covers many conditions that prevent the heart from working properly to pump blood throughout the corpo.PALAVRAS KEYfor searching the Internet and other reference sourcesArteriosclerosisAtherosclerosis
Cardiovascular SystemCoronary artery diseaseHeart FailureMyocardial infarctionRheumatic feverStory of MaxMax, who had just turned 14, and his grandfather Harry often shared a ritual of Saturday morning: Breakfast at your favorite restaurant, followed by a quick game of tennis. On this occasion, the two special requests: two fried eggs, four strips of bacon, hot bread, and a side of fries. Plates cleared, which hit the tennis courts, but only ten minutes in their game, Harry, breathing hard and sweating a lot, stopped and complained of a sore chest compression. Although his grandfather protested that it was most likely indigestion, Max went for help. In the emergency room, his grandfather was given aspirin and put on a heart monitor which showedhe had experienced a mild heart attack. The nurse told Max that his quick action might have saved the life of his grandfather.What is heart disease?Heart disease is a group of diseases which prevent the heart from working as well as it should.Only slightly bigger than a fist, a heart normal, healthy is at the center of the body * of the cardiovascular system. Each day the average heart rate or expands and contracts about 100,000 times. In a life of 70 years, an average human heart beats more than 2.5 billion times.* The circulatory system is responsible for providing nutrients to the body's cells and debris removal from them. The arteries carry oxygenated blood to cells of the heart, veins carry blood from the cells to the lungs for re-oxygenation and recirculated through the heart.The coronary arteries surrounding the heart from the upper and lower wires as ivy. With its strong, flexible walls and smooth coats, healthy coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart itself, in much the same way a hose carries the water to a garden.At birth, these coronary arteries are completely open and dear, allowing a maximum flow of blood to the heart, but with age, these vessels can become clogged with a thick combination of lipids (fats), cholesterol, calcium and other substances. Since these layers accumulate within the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis (air-teer-and-skle-RO-sis), also a condition known as "hardening of the arteries", since this buildup eventually hardens the walls of arteries interiors. Atherosclerosis (ath-er-o-skle-RO-sis), an accumulation of plaque * in the innermost part of the container is the most common form of arteriosclerosis. With time, the plaque continues to accumulate in the blood vessels, and fat that clogs a drainpipe from a kitchen. The result is a reduction in the inner diameter of vaso.Quais are different types of heart disease?Coronary arteries affected by atherosclerosis eventually develop coronary artery disease, a condition in which the vessels are so narrow that it can no longer provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to nourish the heart. The blood flow is blocked, wholly or partially.* Cardiovascular System (kar-deeo-VAS-ku-lur) is composed of the heart and blood vessels.* The circulatory system (CRS-ku-la-tor-ee) is comprised of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood circulating.* Plate (Plak) is an adhesive or raised swelling on the body surface. Arterial plaque occurs on the interior surface of an artery and is produced by fatty deposits.Heart attacks are lesions in the cardiac muscle that occurs when blood flow through a coronary artery is interrupted, cutting off the supply of vital oxygen to the heart. Blood can be kept from the heart by narrowing
During a heart attack, blood flow to the heart is blocked by atherosclerotic plaque or points cause tissue death in private areas of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries oxigénio.das by a blood clot blocking the narrowed vessel or by a contraction (spasm) of the artery in response to a lack of oxygen or blood. The part of the heart muscle affected by the blockage is usually slow deprived of oxygen. The longer the heart muscle goes without food, the more muscle tissue deteriorates and dies. Quick action like that taken by Max, is essential.Blocked arteries are not the only cause of heart attacks. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, may be a contributing factor. Pump blood against high pressure in the blood vessels (as occurs in people with uncontrolled hypertension) can put too much strain on the heart. Alcohol abuse, viral infections, tuberculosis, parasites or other vascular (blood vessel) disease can also lead to heart disease.Valves patients can also put abnormal pressure on the heart. The four-valve, located between the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart open and close shutters as small camera to make sure that the blood flow in the right quantity and in the right direction. If a valve is marked and can not open completely, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood through the obstruction. A valve that does not close completely can allow blood going back through the heart chambers, causing the heart to work harder to pump blood have twice.Bacterial endocarditis, or inflammation of the endocardium (the inner surface of the heart) is an infection that can cause the malfunctioning heart valves. This infection can rarely follow oral or dental surgery, when the normally harmless bacteria are released into the bloodstream. This usually affects the valves that were previously damaged by rheumatic heart disease or other conditions.Several forms of heart disease can also cause arrhythmias (dis-RITH I-as), or disturbances in the pattern of normal heart rhythm. Although many of them are harmless, some are quite serious. For example, ventricular fibrillation (ven-trik-yoo-lar fib-stream-AY-shun), a type of heart rhythm in which pumping is uncoordinated and ineffective, can cause death súbita.O that causes heart disease? The Risk factorsHeart disease is not contagious and, largely, can be prevented, controlled, and in some cases even reversed. When looking at what causes heart disease, the researchers divided the risk factors * for those people who can control and those that can not. Among the factors that can not be changed are:
Age. As people age, their cholesterol levels tend to increase and hardening of the arteries appears and moves in most people.
Gender. Men have higher levels of cholesterol than women until around age 45. * Women take after menopause.
Family histories. People with a family history of heart disease are at greater risk.* Risk factors are things about people such as their age, weight or diet that increases your chances of getting a particular disease.* Menopause (MEN-o-PAWZ) is the time of life when women stop menstruating (having your monthly period) and can no longer engravidar.Índice Body MassThe body mass index (BMI) has been used since the early 1980s as a medical standard for measuring obesity. To calculate your BMI:
Multiply your weight in pounds by 700
Dividing this number by height in inches
Dividing this number by height in inches againThe recommended BMI is 20 to 26. The overweight range is 26 to 27.3 for women and 26 to 27.8 for men. Most "experts" say that obesity begins with a BMI greater than 27.3 for women and 27.87 for men. All agree that anyone with a BMI over 30 is obese.The good news is that some risk factors can be controlled. These include:
Smoking. Smokers' risk of heart attack is almost double that of nonsmokers, and the risk of sudden cardiac death is two to four times greater than nonsmokers. Quit (or never start!) Is a heart healthy movement definitive.
High blood pressure. Hypertension puts extra pressure on the heart. Taking medication to lower high blood pressure, maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding salt and increasing exercise can help people lower blood pressure.
Blood lipids. Lowering fats in the blood, such as cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. People who come from a family with heart disease, who have other risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity or sedentary, or who have a parent with a high cholesterol level should have their lipid levels monitored by a doctor .
Diabetes. Many people with diabetes have high blood pressure or are obese. Diabetes can also increase the levels of lipids and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke.
Obesity. Obesity is generally defined as an adult having a body mass index greater than 27 (see chart). About a third of American adults are obese, despite maintaining a healthy weight throughout life seems to be one of the best ways to live longer and healthier. In a study of 30 years of the famous 5127 adults in Framingham, Massachusetts, between 1948 and 1978, those who maintained their weight from age 25 onwards, had a lower risk of heart disease. Those who reduced their weight over this time reduced their risk even more.
Physical activity. Exercises have a lower rate of cardiovascular disease, those who are inactive have a higher rate. * Aerobic exercise reduces heart rate, lipid levels and blood pressure and decreases body fat. Such activities include brisk walking, jogging, swimming, rowing, and jump rope for at least ten to fifteen minutes. It is estimated that 60 percent of American adults do not perform aerobic exercise.Other risk factors that can be controlled include drinking alcohol and having too much fat estresse.A linkCholesterol (ko-LES-ter-ol) is a substance, soft and mushy that circulates in blood and is found in every cell of the body. It is an important building material for cells and nerves and is used for the production of certain hormones. Cholesterol is used by the liver to produce bile acids, which helps digest food. Triglycerides (GLIS-try-erides) are fats in the blood, such as cholesterol, can originate from any diet or can be produced by the liver. Cholesterol Triglycerides are different, but as cholesterol, that are normally present in the blood. Elevated triglycerides may be associated with certain diseases.The body produces all the cholesterol it needs, but people also get cholesterol from their diets, especially when they eat foods made with animal and dairy products. High cholesterol levels in the blood can have many causes, including genes (heredity) and lifestyle choices (diet). The excess of cholesterol can lead to coronary heart disease. Hyperlipid disorders in which there is too much cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood, are some of the most common hereditary conditions in humans, affecting one in every 500 people. In people with these disorders, risk factors such as obesity, smoking and hypertension may increase the chance of coronary heart disease still mais.Como people know they have heart disease?Heart disease is the number one killer in developed countries, and heart attacks are recognized as the most obvious sign of heart disease. Each year, 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks. But a problem with heart disease is that in 20 to 40 percent of people (such as grandfather Max), a heart attack is the first symptom of the disease. By then, the plate may have diminished one or more arteries, which limits their ability to provide an area of heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients they need.* Aerobic Exercise (Air-O-bik) exercise is designed to increase oxygen consumption by the body, which helps keep the heart and lungs in forma.Os U.S. and WorldThe American Heart Association says cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death in the United States each year since 1900, except the year 1918. According to the Heart AHA 1999 Update and Stroke Statistics:
Nearly 60 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease. The most common problem is high blood pressure, which affects 50 million Americans.
Heart disease killed 944,148 people in the United States in 1997, making it the leading cause of death. It accounts for about 40 percent of all deaths per year in the United States.
About 84 percent of heart disease deaths occur in people who are over 65.Heart disease is also a leading cause of death worldwide. The reports of the World Health Organization, in 1998, for example, 32 percent of all deaths (16.7 million) resulted from heart disease. It was the No. 1 cause of death in all regions of the world except Africa (where he was ninth) and the Western Pacific (where he finished third).WHO predicts that worldwide mortality rates from heart disease will rise over the next two decades, if developing countries continue their increased tendency to smoke and more westernized diets.Because a heart attack can cause serious damage to steal the heart of oxygen, a rapid response to the first signs of a heart attack is essential. Angina pectoris (a JY-in-a-PEK-ris), a tightness, squeezing, or heaviness in the chest, which may extend to the left arm, neck, jaw or shoulder, is often the first sign that with atherosclerosis anyone is at risk of a heart attack. The exercise, a heavy meal, strong emotions or extreme temperatures can bring it. If angina occurs when a person is at rest, which means that the heart is starved for oxygen, even when you're not working hard. Besides chest pain, weakness, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, and can follow a heart attack, despite a heart attack that comes without angina-a "silent" heart attack can not be revealed until a patient appears in doctor for an unrelated condition.Valve disease can cause symptoms of dizziness, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and chest pain during exercise. These same signs, together with edema (e-DEE-MA), an accumulation of fluid that occurs when the heart can not keep the circulation moving properly, may indicate heart failure *. Gravity pulls down often fluid, causing swelling in the feet, ankles and pernas.DiagnósticoDepending on the type of heart disease, your doctor may use a number of different tests to help tiny heart problems. They are divided into invasive tests performed internally and noninvasive tests that can be performed externally.Noninvasive procedures include:
Electrocardiogram (ECG). A record of the electrical activity of the heart to help the doctor diagnose and monitor irregular heart rhythms, heart attacks, or other abnormalities. A portable ECG machine used by a patient called a Holter monitor can also test the effectiveness of drug therapy for arrhythmia and pacing functions * Monitor for 12, 24 or 48 hours.
Stress test. An ECG performed during exercise to determine the cause of chest pain and other symptoms related to physical activity.
Echocardiography. Waves of ultrasound or high frequency inaudible sound waves are bounced off the surface of the heart and converted into an image that can be displayed on a monitor to diagnose congenital heart disease *, valvular disease, congestive heart failure *, and other conditions.
Ultra-fast computed tomography. Employing scanning electron beams to detect calcium deposits in the coronary arteries.* Heart failure is a medical term used to describe a condition in which a damaged heart can not pump enough blood to supply oxygen and nutritional requirements of the body. People with heart failure may have difficulty exercising due to insufficient blood flow, but many people live a long time with heart failure.* Pacemaker, a device whose function is to send electrical signals that control the heartbeat. Natural pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node, a special group of cells. Sometimes it is necessary to implant a pacemaker battery-powered, it sends small electrical charge through an electrode placed near the heart wall.* Congenital (kon-JEN-i-tul) means existing at birth.* Failure (kon-JES-TIV) means characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid.Invasive procedures include cardiac catheterization, which is used to assess coronary artery disease, the cause of angina, complications following a heart attack, heart defects, and other internal disturbances. A catheter or long thin tube is inserted in the cardiovascular system, usually via
How is heart disease treated?Although many cardiac conditions can not be cured, they may be controlled with changes in life style, medication or surgery, or a combination of these strategies.Aorta * (ay-OR-ta) is the main large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of corpo.MedicamentosIrregular heartbeat, heart failure and angina, are often treated with a combination of lifestyle changes and medications healthy. One of the most widely used drugs is the nitroglycerin (ny-tro-GLIS-in-er), in the form of a tiny pill dissolved under the tongue, which acts to open the blood vessels of the heart and allow more oxygen flowing to the heart muscle. Beta-blockers reduce the heart's demand for oxygen, slowing the heart rate. Aspirin, which helps to keep the blood from clotting easily be given to people who have heart disease or a high risk of heart disease to reduce the risk of blood clots and thus reduces the risk of heart attack and premature death. At the time of a heart attack, the patient may be given clot-dissolving drugs intravenously (injected into a vein) to help unblock diseased coronary arteries. Medications are also used to control high blood pressure.
Surgical proceduresAngioplasty (AN-je-o-plastee), also called balloon angioplasty, opens vessels obstructed by plaque formation. A balloon is specially designed threaded through an artery. Once positioned, the balloon is secured in the narrowest part of the occluded artery and inflated by pumping up and widening the channel. Once the artery is opened, the balloon is removed.One problem is that the coronary arteries opened by angioplasty, often closely within three to six months. To avoid this, surgeons often a stent from a tube of 1 inch wirelike stainless steel in the form of a small coil spring, into the vessel where it is expanded. The stent props open the vessel as scaffolding supports a tunnel. Stents may also be lifesaving paraVeias system circulatório.Veias system circulatório.pacientes whose arteries sudden attack or spasm (contract) and close during angioplasty, triggering a heart attack.Atherectomy (ath-er-EK-to-mee) is the excision (cutting) and physical removal of plaque from arteries. It is used in place of or in conjunction with balloon angioplasty. Once the balloon is inflated, the zooming miniature cutting forward to scrape deposits from the container wall as a small rotor to clear a clogged drain. The debris is pushed into a special collection chamber, and when the device is removed, the debris comes with it.Pacemakers can be inserted to restore a normal heart beat. Advanced devices can detect and respond to changes in body movement, temperature and respiration rate.Bypass surgery is a procedure wherein a segment of vein taken from the leg or an artery the chest is grafted to an opening at the normal side of the coronary artery above the segment occluded (blocked) and then to the normal part artery below the obstruction. Blood, then "ignores" the obstructed segment, as well as taking a detour road around a construction site.Damaged valves may be replaced by mechanical valves made from plastic or Dacron, or a biological valve taken from a pig, a cow, or human donor.Heart transplantation is the most dramatic treatment of patients with severe heart failure. Though still full of challenges, the procedure is well accepted worldwide and is being held more often. However, not enough human hearts are available from donors órgãos.Pernas frog and GalvanometersToday's sophisticated ECG (ECG) JL began with the study of frogs' legs.During the 1700s, scientists Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) and Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) used the frogs to study muscular action. His work led to the development of the galvanometer (gal-va-NOM-e-ter), which measures the current by electromagnetic action.In 1903, William Einthoven (1860-1927) introduced the string galvanometer. Einthoven Galvanometer evolved into today electrocardiogram machine, one of the fundamental tools that cardiologists use to monitor the rhythms of coração.Você knew?
Coronary heart disease is the biggest killer of American men and women. Every 29 seconds someone suffers a coronary, every minute someone dies from one.
Managing heart failure costs between U.S. $ 10 and U.S. $ 15 billion annually.
Nearly 15,000 heart transplants have been done since the 1980s, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing. About 2,500 are performed each year, with many patients waiting inline.Microwave OvensConvenience stores, cafeterias, snack bars and used to post warnings near their microwave ovens for people with pacemakers. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by microwave ovens sometimes caused variations in current pacemakers. Pacemakers today are protected from electromagnetic forces on the streets and have a backup mode in case of interruption of programming circuit principal.Viver with Heart DiseaseHeart disease often represents a turning point in a person's life. People who previously led unhealthy lives mostly inactive can be inspired to change the way they live by eating more healthily, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking.In the case of a heart attack, full recovery usually takes about four to six weeks, depending on the extent of the lesion, the overall health of the patient, and the condition of rest of the heart. Most people are able to resume regular activities within a few weeks or months. Like all patients with cardiac disease or injury, those who have had heart attacks need to adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a low-fat diet. Most will recover and to enjoy many more years of productive vida.Mastigar fatExperts suggest that it is a good idea for all healthy Americans over age two to modify their diets. Specific suggestions are as follows:
Reduce total dietary fat no more than 30 percent of total calories per day.
Reduce saturated fat and cholesterol in the diet: change all skimmed milk, reduce the number of egg yolks eaten, avoid solid fats like cooking lard, giving up foods containing vegetable oils such as palm or coconut oils, and replace frozen yogurt ice cream or ice milk for ice cream.
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